军事孤立封闭环境作业人员标准化神经认知测试的探索

研究军事孤立封闭环境对作业人员认知功能的影响,首先需要一套合格的神经认知测量工具。目前使用的认知测试存在以下问题：不同研究间使用的不一致性;测量的心理过程不明确;存在练习效应;没有针对性的常模数据;灵敏度、难度、全面性不够。据此提出适用于军事孤立封闭环境的神经认知测试应满足如下要求：（1）方便携带,容易开展测试;（2）测试耗时应尽量短（≤30 min）;（3）可重复测量,被试能够较快达到稳定水平;（4）最好是成套测试,检测的认知功能应全面,且必须与完成特定任务密切相关;（5）应有针对军事孤立封闭环境工作人员在一般环境下的常模,以及其随时间变化的测试表现曲线作为对照组数据;（6）认知测试的信效度经过检验;（7）灵敏度较高,测试难度适当;（8）认知测试涉及的心理过程明确且单一,便于解释结果;（9）完成认知测试激活的脑区明确,便于进一步神经心理研究。美国国家航空航天局（NASA）太空飞行认知测试系统Cognition几乎完美契合以上9个要求。未来我军编制神经认知测试时,可在参照Cognition的基础上,着重于提高认知测试装置的便携性、开发计算机自适应认知测验、明确认知测试的纳入标准、开发心理测量学特点一致的平行测验。     

罗红霉素、地红霉素对寒区部队慢性鼻窦炎的疗效比较

 目的 探讨罗红霉素、地红霉素对寒区部队慢性鼻窦炎的治疗价值。方法 选择2016-09至2019-04寒区部队慢性鼻窦炎患者68例,根据用药方法分组,对照组以罗红霉素治疗,观察组以地红霉素治疗,比较两组治疗效果。结果 观察组治疗总有效率91.18%,对照组总有效率85.29%。观察组不良反应发生率11.11%,对照组不良反应发生率2.78%,两组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05),治疗后观察组鼻塞、头面部不适、嗅觉障碍等主观症状评分及鼻窦CT评分均明显低于对照组(P＜0.05)。结论 与罗红霉素相比,地红霉素可促使寒区部队慢性鼻窦炎患者症状显著改善,用药更为方便,且用药安全性高。     

急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者下呼吸道重力依赖区气道关闭数值模拟

为了研究急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）患者下呼吸道重力依赖区气流特性的变化情况,基于CT影像建立真实人体下呼吸道三维模型,确定重力依赖区气道关闭位置,利用CFD技术对下呼吸道内气体进行瞬态数值模拟,得到了部分气道关闭后下呼吸道内空气流速、表面压力、壁面剪切应力等参数的变化趋势,理解了ARDS发生发展的病理生理变化,从而指导机械通气策略,避免呼吸机相关肺损伤的发生。     

耳蜗电图对耳蜗传入突触病变诊断意义的探讨

耳蜗传入突触病变在临床上可表现为听神经病、隐性听力损失、耳蜗死区病。目前除听神经病,另外两类疾病主要依据主观测试,尚无明确可用于诊断的客观方法。耳蜗电图可早期发现耳蜗传入突触病变,本文就其对耳蜗传入突触病变诊断意义进行综述,为耳蜗病变的诊断和精准治疗提供依据。     

食管癌高发区食管癌预防的非医疗措施探讨

当前在食管癌高发区食管癌预防中,存在只注重诊疗而忽略预防和术后康复的问题。通过对若干病例病前生活习惯及术后手术恢复情况进行观察及食管癌高发区具有代表性农村居民的生活状况调查,分析了导致食管癌的各种因素之间的联系。提出了加强食管癌高发区"安全饮水"工程等基础设施建设;在食管癌高发区建立预防及术后康复的医疗保障体系;加强宣传和食管癌知识普及,引导高发区居民改善生活条件和改良生活习惯;加强调查研究等非医疗措施。探讨在食管癌高发区建立预防、治疗和术后康复一体的食管癌预防体系。     

Common genetic variants have associations with human cortical brain regions and risk of schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is a highly heritable mental disorder and is reported to be associated with measurements in cortical regions of the human brain. In this study, we considered genome-wide association studies to uncover genetic effects on cortical regions and prodromal symptoms of schizophrenia. Specifically, area, thickness, and volume of 66 cortical regions derived from magnetic resonance imaging scans of 1,445 children and adolescents from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort were studied. Two common variants were identified as being associated with two prefrontal cortical regions (one significant variant rs11601331 on chromosome 11p11 for right rostral middle frontal gyral area, p = 1.97 × 10 ⁻⁸; one suggestive variant rs2345981 on chromosome 6q11 for left frontal pole gyral volume, p = 2.07 × 10 ⁻⁷), where the significance of rs11601331 was independently replicated on the Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics study of size 1,239 (p = 9.19 × 10 ⁻³). Moreover, genetic effects on schizophrenia were investigated based on a sample of 8,719 subjects. The two identified variants rs11601331 and rs2345981 showed significant association with the longest prodromal symptoms duration (p = 0.048 and p = 0.027, respectively).     

Discrimination of O. viverrini, C. sinensis, H. pumilio and H. taichui using nuclear DNA-based PCR targeting ribosomal DNA ITS regions

Small liver and minute intestinal flukes are highly prevalent in Southeast Asia, and in mixed infections, their eggs are difficult to differentiate morphologically in fecal samples. PCR assays targeting the ITS regions in ribosomal DNA were designed to identify and differentiate species. The PCR amplicons of Opisthorchis viverrini, Clonorchis sinensis, Haplorchis pumilio, and Haplorchis taichui were 800, 820, 1250, and 930 bp for the ITS1 region, and 380, 390, 380, and 530 bp for ITS2, respectively. The ITS1-region amplicon sizes successfully differentiated 4 species, while only H. taichui were significantly different from the other 3 species in the ITS2 region. PCR assays were employed for preliminary analysis using fecal samples diagnosed as having “small trematode eggs” by modified thick smear, showing 76.2% sensitivity for ITS1 and 95.2% for ITS2.     

RAS阻断剂对人前脂肪细胞脂联素表达的部位特异性影响

肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)阻断剂可提高体外原代培养的人网膜和皮下前脂肪细胞中脂联素mRNA的表达和蛋白分泌.与噻唑烷二酮类药物相比,RAS阻断剂对网膜来源的细胞具有更强的作用,提示其在以腹型肥胖为特征的代谢综合征干预方面可能具有较大潜力.     

Enzymatic cytochemistry,DNA ploidy and AgNOR quantitation in hepatocellular nodules of uncertain malignant potential in liver cirrhosis

Conventional histological examination of echo-guided biopsy specimens can be inconclusive in small nodular lesions in cirrhotic livers. We investigated the diagnostic potential of cytochemical analysis of dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (DPP IV), of image analysis of nuclear DNA content, and of interphase silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in 12 cases of small (13- to 29-mm in diameter) hepatic nodules visualized in cirrhotic patients by ultrasonography. All cases underwent an echo-guided liver biopsy at the time of detection and in none of them were histological signs of malignancy found. Characterization with the above-mentioned techniques was always done at the time of histological examination. These patients underwent a mean (±sd) follow-up of 27.0 (±11.2) months after biopsy, with repeated ultrasound (US) examinations. In the seven patients with subsequent neoplastic growth, DPP IV score was altered in five of six; the fraction of mononucleated polyploid cells was altered in six of seven; and the AgNOR quantity exceeded the cutoff value of 4 m² in five of five cases. Among the five lesions whose US appearance remained unchanged during the follow-up, only one abnormality (AgNORs) was found in one case. The combined cytochemical analysis of DPP IV, nuclear DNA content, and quantitative evaluation of interphase AgNORs in biopsy samples may contribute to the differential diagnosis of hepatocellular nodules of uncertain type in the cirrhotic liver.This work was supported by grants from the Ministero per l'Università e la Ricerca Scientifica (fondi 40% e 60%) andA.I.R.C. (Milano).     

Cerebral metabolic effects of organophosphorus anticholinesterase compounds

Rats treated intravenously with an organophosphoras anticholinesterase compound, paraoxon or soman, were sacrificed 2 to 131 min later, using 0.7sec of focused microwave irradiation (25 kW at 915 MHz). Brain regional rates of glucose utilization during 3-min intervals were determined with labeled glucose and fluorodeoxyglucase as tracers. Levels of glucose, lactate, ATP, and creatine phosphate were assayed in the same samples. The two compounds differed markedly in their effects on brain metabolism. Paraoxon (0.8LD₅₀) depressed rates of glucose use in all brain regions, without causing consistent changes in brain metabolite levels. This depressant effect was most pronounced during the first 30 min after toxin exposure and had largely disappeared by 2hr. Soman (0.8–0.95 LD₅₀) was variable in its effects. Animals that showed seizure-like behavior had marked increases in glucose use in diencephalon and cerebrum but no changes in cerebellum or brain stem. Rapid rates of glucose use were associated with high levels of lactic acid and lower levels of creatine phosphate. In cerebrum, but not diencephalon, levels of ATP fell by as much as 50% in strongly affected animals by 30–130 min after soman. All of these effects were reversible with atropine. Soman-treated animals that did not have seizure-like activity did not exhibit these brain metabolic changes. These results and those of others show that cholinergic compounds vary greatly in their effects on brain glucose and energy metabolism. Although noncholinergic mechanisms are a possibility, the most parsimonious explanation for these findings is that cholinesterase inhibitors vary in their affinity for different central nervous system (CNS) acetylcholine receptor populations.